Moral Dilemma free essay sample

1. What is a moral dilemma? A genuine dilemma is one type of moral problem, captured by the expression â€Å"You’re damned if you do, damned if you don’t.† That is, in a dilemma, there appears to be no right answer or solution (Dreisbach, 2008). Moral dilemmas, at the very least, involve conflicts between moral requirements (McConnell, 2010). 3. The four questions that must be asked to establish if a Dirty Harry Problem exists are: Did the agent know the situation and the choices that it offers? The answer to this question is yes. Dirty Harry had a previous history with Scorpio and knew that Scorpio was capable of being unscrupulous. Therefore, Dirty Harry knew both the situation and the choices that this situation offered. Did Dirty Harry know the difference between right and wrong when he decided to pursue Scorpio by any means necessary? The answer to this question is yes. Dirty Harry is an officer of the law and not only has he studies, but he has also taken an oath to uphold the laws in the Constitution. As an officer, he has undergone training and knows that it is his duty to uphold and not defy the laws of the land he has sworn to protect. As enforcers of law, police have a special duty to obey them (Dreisbach, 2008). Dirty Harry clearly knew the difference between right and wrong. Did Dirty Harry act from free will? The answer to this question is yes. He was able to do otherwise but he chose instead to pursue Scorpio, by any means he deemed necessary. Dirty Harry knew he had plenty of alternatives, but he chose to ignore them. He chose to defy the law he was sworn to uphold and follow and torture Scorpio. Did Dirty Harry intend to act as he did? The answer to this question is yes. Dirty Harry intentionally acted as he did. He was well aware of the alternatives, but instead chose to break into Scorpio’s apartment. Dirty Harry thereafter chose to torture Scorpio, while ignoring Scorpio’s request for an attorney. 4. Explain (please, for full credit, don’t just mention) Klockars’s four assumptions police make about guilt. The Operative Assumption of Guilt which means police have to assume that the person they are working with is guilty in order for him to do his job efficiently, unless he knows otherwise. They are even to assume that the suspects’ behavior is implying guilt regardless of what that behavior is. This guilt the police hold on to does not disappear until he’s taken the appropriate actions to prove or disprove it; sometimes those actions include â€Å"dirty† ones. Worst of all Possible Guilt comes to the conclusion that not only is the assumption of guilt present but the police also believe the suspect is dangerous. This method of thinking is based mainly on the idea that â€Å"once is enough.† That theory is somewhat centered around the fact that even simple, routine stops have escalated to more serious things, so if it happened once it could happen again. The Great Guilty Place Assumption is based on the concept of suspicion. Due to the environment the policemen are exposed to on the regular basis, it’s as if they look at our everyday ways of life and see all the potential of opportunities of crime. This assumption conforms to the idea that people, places, and now even occasions create epistemic problems. The Not Guilty (This Time) Assumption is still centered on the idea that a suspect is guilty; however, they may just be innocent that one time. This is embedded on conscious that sometimes perpetrators get away with things for that moment but ultimately, they are still guilty of some sort of crime, just not at that particular moment. 5. What is the specific moral dilemma that Dirty Harry Problem poses for police officers? (ONE OR TWO SENTENCES ONLY) The specific moral dilemma with the Dirty Harry Problem is trying to decide when the Dirty Means justifies achieving a Morally Good End. It’s never a clear and concise answer. 6. Explain (please, for full credit, don’t just mention) whether and how Inspector Callahan acted as virtuous professional in terms of each of his FOUR professional relationships. Inspector Callahan did not act as a virtuous professional in terms of each of his four professional relationships. The four professional relationships are relationships with the client, the public at large, colleagues, and the profession itself. Those relationships, if acted upon with integrity, determine a virtuous police officer. Based off those ideas, Inspector Callahan acted as if only the little girl was his client. He completely neglected his sworn duty of obedience and trustworthiness to the public at large, who are also his clients. Professional ethics are a balancing act when evaluating relationships and instead of maintaining this balance, Inspector Callahan put the girl’s safety above everything else. He did whatever he could to prove his loyalty to an individual client, the girl. Police and the community benefit from a clear understanding and acceptance of the department’s vision and mission, as long as the police officers live up to those ideals (Dreisbach, 2008). Officer Callahan’s myopic view allowed Scorpio to go free, thus nullifying all of Officer Callahan’s vigilante efforts, placing the public at large back in danger and allowing the girl to die in vain. Inspector Callahan felt obligated to do something to get at Scorpio for shooting his partner. Perhaps, Inspector felt it was his fault for his partner getting shot so; he did what to could to mend that relationship. That probably was the driving force behind catching back to Scorpio. Inspector Callahan could have been thinking, that it could have been him that got shot instead of his partner. Nevertheless, the virtuous professional would not have reacted in such a manner. The virtuous professional would have trusted the legal system, of which he is a part, to enact justice, though it may take a while to obtain. Lastly, Inspector Callahan took an oath when he received his badge and that was to protect and serve; something that all cops must do even if it means losing their lives. That relationship to his profession, or rather being a cop is what determines which side he’s on; the good, law-abiding side or the bad, criminal side like Scorpio. If he were to just sit back and make no efforts in serving and protecting the people, it would be blatant disrespect to that oath, the badge he wears and the uniform he puts on every day. Nonetheless, honoring that badge means honoring the law that it represents. Therefore, Inspector Callahan did not act in a virtuous manner when he blatantly disobeyed all the rules related to his profession. 7. The virtuous police officer puts their professional relationships in proper priority, giving preference to the Constitution’s and the community’s interests over the interests of third parties, their colleagues or themselves (Dreisbach, 2008). The virtuous police officer is also aware of the scope and limits of their rights and the community’s role in helping them exercise those rights and exercises those rights only to the extent that they make the officer a more effective professional (Dreisbach, 2008). Using the aforestated as a guide that aides in the definition of a virtuous professional in terms of seven professional obligations, officer Dirty Harry Callahan, failed to act, maintain and uphold many of his seven professional obligations, and therefore cannot be deemed a virtuous professional. One of the seven professional obligations of a virtuous professional is competence. The competent police officer knows the Constitution and laws as they apply to her professional practice and their jurisdiction ((Dreisbach, 2008). Officer Callahan’s actions were negligent in the following areas of policing: Investigating and interrogating. An officer of the law is to acknowledge a suspects request for an attorney, must follow regulations, statutes, i.e. obtaining a search warrant and must follow codes of conduct. Officer Callahan did not have the right to exact torture on Scorpio to obtain the goal of finding the girl. Officer Callahan therefore failed to uphold his professional obligation of competence. He did not act as a virtuous professional when being evaluated for competency. Officer Callahan was also lacking in diligence, the second professional obligation of the virtuous professional. With diligence, the professional should make a good effort and take care in fulfilling their agreement with the client (Dreisbach, 2008). Officer Callahan’s short sightedness caused him to fail to note that even the suspect that he tortured and denied rights to was one of his clients. This suspect had the positive right to expect to: Not have his place searched illegally, from cruel and unusual punishment and to obtain due process of the law, starting primarily with obtaining an attorney. Officer Callahan also negated his agreement with the community and family that he blindly advocated for in his search for the missing girl, because his lack of diligence allowed Scorpio to go free. Officer Callahan gave into temptations to cut corners and instead opted to get the bad guy at all costs. As such, Officer Callahan did not follow the path of the virtuous professional wh en being evaluated for diligence. The third professional obligation is honesty. There are two views regarding Officer Callahan’s honesty. Officer Callahan knew the situation and the choices that it offered, he knew the difference between right and wrong; he chose to act against all the departmental rules and regulations. He shrugged off his moral responsibility and acted dishonestly (lack of warrant, etc.,) from his own free will. Henceforth, Officer Callahan defaulted on his professional obligation of honesty. Officer Callahan knew the situation and the choices that it offered, he knew the difference between right and wrong, despite choosing to act against departmental rules to save the girl’s life, he reported the incidents truthfully. The case was thrown out of Court, but Officer Callahan maintained his honesty because he did not lie about the way he obtained evidence against Scorpio, upholding his moral responsibility and preserving the integrity of his profession. In this instance, the accumulation of actions resulted in the support of Officer Callahan’s third professional obligation of honesty. The fourth professional obligation is candor. Candor is a matter of revealing everything one believes about the subject (Dreisbach, 2008). Officer Callahan acted as a virtuous professional when it relates to candor. It is possible to be honest without being candid, but it is not possible to be candid without being honest (Dreisbach, 2008). If Officer Callahan neglected to uphold his professional obligation of being candid, many of his actions would have been unknown to the department and Scorpio’s case would remain prosecutable. Officer Callahan’s candor gave the defense the necessary information to move for dismissal of Scorpio’s case. The fifth professional obligation is loyalty. Officer Callahan did not act as a virtuous professional in regards to his professional obligation of loyalty. In policing, the professional promises loyalty to the Constitution and to the community they are serving, all other loyalties are subordinate. Failure to understand this or failure to act on this understanding is a symptom of and may be a cause of police corruption (Dreisbach, 2008). Analyzing a case is a balancing act and Officer Callahan only focused on one side of the pendulum – retrieving the missing girl alive. His loyalty only to that one cause produced a myopic vision of his circumstances and he failed in his professional obligation to be loyal to the rules and regulations that police officers are bound to obey. Police and the community benefit from a clear understanding and acceptance of the department’s vision and mission, as long as the police officers live up to those ideals (Dreisbach, 2008). Officer Call ahan’s failure in his professional obligation of loyalty to the rules and regulations not only caused both the confession and the evidence from the warrantless search to be inadmissible in court, allowing Scorpio to go free, but damaged the integrity of the department and also injured the family and community that he is sworn to dutifully serve. The sixth professional obligation is discretion. For a police officer, discretion refers primarily to the ability to make professional choices on one’s own, without having to run every decision by a superior (Dreisbach, 2008). Officer Callahan failed in acting as a virtuous professional in regards to discretion because he knowingly and willfully made choices that are antagonistic to any that his superiors, the Constitution, or any body of law would dictate. Fearing for the death of the girl, he acted with abject disregard to any rules. Although we have the innate right to do anything we can to preserve a life, exercising that right without restraint will keep us in a state of war from which fear of death drives us (Dreisbach, 2008). Since living in a state of war is counterintuitive to the goal of discretion, Officer Callahan’s actions were in direct contradiction of the goals one would want to achieve when performing the professional obligation of discretion. The seventh professional obligation is beneficence/nonmaleficence. Below are several views regarding Officer Callahan’s actions: Officer Callahan acted with beneficence towards the family and the girl, because he did everything he could to get her back alive. He had a desire to do some good for the both of them. He therefore acted as a virtuous professional. Officer Callahan, acting as a virtuous professional, feared for the safety of the community and wanted to get Scorpio off the streets. He therefore acted with beneficence/nonmaleficence. Due to the unsuccessful attempts to arrest Scorpio for the two previous deaths, Officer Callahan became personally invested in arresting Scorpio and acted with blind passion and desire. Officer Callahan was only truly interested in stopping Scorpio. The girl was a byproduct of his obsession. In this scenario, Officer Callahan is guilty of maleficence and is not a virtuous professional. At the very least, the professional should try not to harm the client (Dreisbach, 2008). Officer Callahan denied Scorpio his rights and tortured him to get a confession. Therefore, Officer Callahan is guilty of maleficence.

John and Elizabeth Proctor Essay Example

John and Elizabeth Proctor Paper Arthur Millers dramatisation, The Crucible gives us his interpretation of the true events, which took place within a small community in a 17th Century America, which at the time was largely inhabited by Puritans. The play focuses mainly on two Puritans called Elizabeth and John Proctor. John Proctor is a well-respected farmer of his mid-thirties. Miller describes him as a kind man of powerful body. He runs by his own set of morals and therefore is not easily led. He is introduced by a large piece of prose that is precisely set out so that the actor knows exactly how Miller wants the actor who plays John Proctor to act, when he comes on stage. For instance, Miller asks the actor of John Proctor to act with a hidden force. The description is especially acute as he is the main character. However, Miller also introduces some of the other characters in the same way. This may have been because Miller intended it to be read as a book as well as a play. Proctors power, respect and sometimes fear among the people of Salem is evident instantaneously. We will write a custom essay sample on John and Elizabeth Proctor specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on John and Elizabeth Proctor specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on John and Elizabeth Proctor specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As he enters, the first thing he says to Mary Warren is Ill show you a great doing on your arse one of these days subsequently Mary walks out trying to retain a shred of dignity. As well as this the stage directions for the rest of the girls show their excitement at his presence. For instance, directly after Marys exit Mercy also walks out, both afraid of him and strangely titillated. The rest of the girls react in a similar way as her stage directions show her nervousness for example, with a nervous laugh , wide-eyed and absorbing his presence. This shows the sexual charisma of Proctor. We soon find out that Proctors sin is lechery, as he had a sexual relationship with his former servant Abigail Williams. The audience learns this when Abby says,John I am a waitin for you every night. Until then Miller, had shown the audience mostly that Proctor was an upright and respected member of society. However, when it is just Proctor and Abigail alone we see the side of him that is drawn into flirtation with Abby. This is shown through the dialogue, for example the repeated use of the words wicked and mischief which work to show this aspect of Johns character to the audience . As well as this, Proctors dialogue and stage directions are suggestive. A good illustration of this is his smile widening and ah youre wicked yet arent y. Miller skilfully creates an atmosphere in which we see Proctor having pressure piled onto him by Abigail. The reader and audience can see this clearly as the words to do with pressure are repeated. For instance, I have a sense for heat, John and burning in your loneliness. Its clearly evident that Abbys words have some truth as she manages to put so much pressure on him that he eventually admits he thinks of [her] softly from time to time. The two sides to John Proctor are clearly shown. Abigail does well to put John under pressure until she mentions Elizabeth, at which point John recoils and angered-at himself he says, youll speak nothin of Elizabeth. Johns battle with desire is also shown earlier on, in the words burning in your loneliness. The tension that is built up is shortly released from Proctor, when he ends up shaking Abigail. Had Abby not mentioned Elizabeth the tension may have been released in a way that fitted with Abbys flirtatious intentions. However, the minute Elizabeths name is mentioned, this is like a catalyst, bringing John to his senses and begins to show us the battle that is taking place within John. Elizabeth never actually appears in act one instead she is somewhat mentioned by Abigail. She is described as a sickly wife and a cold and snivelling woman.

Importance of Academic Deadline Essay Sample

Importance of Academic Deadline Essay Sample Importance of Academic Deadline Education Essay Importance of Academic Deadline Education Essay Many people think that meeting deadline is important, but others especially those who have problems with handling assignments on time do not agree. That is why let me introduce the advantages and disadvantages of doing work on time. I decided to provide my thoughts in a bit philosophic way, but still it is worth discussing. As for me, the only negative thing of late passing is an additional time for improving the assignment. Why it is Important to Turn in Assignments on Time Essay On the other hand, students who submit their assignments on time develop their personality and such important traits as sense of accomplishment and responsibility, of appreciation and respect. Furthermore, he/she becomes disciplined and punctual as well as learns how to achieve their goals. In addition to this, missing the deadline could lead to bad consequences, such as bad marks and additional tasks. Developing these skills is important for police officers because it is an undeniable fact that they should be responsible, respectful, punctual and be able to achieve their goals. Thereby now, I would like to talk about every advantage in detail. Let me start with such an important thing as punctuality. The first thing that needs to be said is â€Å"do not leave for tomorrow what you can do today†. Eternal postponing until later, tomorrow, day after tomorrow, etc. is a completely wrong approach to work. Furthermore, then when the time comes â€Å"for later† is already too late In addition, for the same reason a student may reinforce in memory the name of his/her course paper, which was given to him/her six months ago. Now he/she definitely has no time to write it, since he/she has always distracted to other â€Å"more serious† business. Moreover, during the last week before the due time he/she has some kind of a survival instinct that he/she miraculously manage to write 100 pages. Fortunately, our consciousness really starts to work as we grow up. We already start to realize that the best thing is to do everything in time. After all, we learn to be responsible and we realize that order in everything is very important. A number of key issues arise from the statement, for instance, punctuality or doing all on time. Delays or hindrance at work is a sign of an unreliable person. The principle of doing everything on time applies to all tasks. However, it is said that punctuality is the politeness of kings. I would say â€Å"Punctuality is politeness.† I believe that punctuality depends on a personal organization of a person. I think the main reason of being not punctual is that we always find some justification like â€Å"peel on the road†. If we repeatedly justify being late, and others say the true reason for being late, then eventually a desire not to be late will disappear. The main thing is that it is the most punctual people who are irritated because others cause delays. Every person usually thinks that he/she is punctual and we publicly declare that we are well-organized people. We are okay well almost whether it is all good, as soon as the session, project, repair are finished. Charming, witty, gallant, well It will not help if a young person is not punctual as well irresponsible and not keeping promises. Namely, he allows himself to be one hour late for a meeting, or to handle some work after the deadline. First, we allow ourselves to be late at school, then at work. Moreover, the reason for being late is not because the alarm broke, or the bus did not arrive on schedule, it is just because we just decided to lie in bed extra 20 minutes or changed twice in the morning. All managers consider as necessary to adhere to the stated schedule and plans. Punctuality in life is very important Punctual employees are respected, trusted with important things, set as an example and awarded with bonuses or financial rewards. Punctual intelligent leaders create an image not only of their business but also of a serious, rigorous, reliable, fair and confident person. Such an individual is trusted with not only personal secrets, but also business. Punctual workers are rarely fired. Discipline is paramount for police officers in order to ensure reliable public order and inviolability of citizens` rights. Life requires a person to be disciplined and perform clearly. School discipline is adherence to the rules of conduct by students at school and beyond, clear and organized performance of their duties, etc. Students need to understand that it is important to be disciplined and perform the accepted norms and rules at school and in public places. Conscious discipline is based on the conscious performance of social principles and behavior; it is based on the formation of the following features: Discipline desire and ability of individuals to control their behavior according to social norms and regulations; Moral awareness awareness of the need to follow individual and social moral norms; Responsibility quality of an individual, which is characterized by desire and ability to evaluate their behavior in terms of its appropriateness or harm to society, comparing their actions with the requirements, standards and laws present in the society. When teaching students of proper behavior at school and beyond it is important to monitor their behavior taking into consideration handling of the assignments on time, and to take appropriate actions against those who systematically miss the deadline without an important reason. Some schools have special magazines where students` misbehavior and educational measures applied to them are recorded. It helps teachers to timely analyze students` discipline, outline and take steps to improve it, to find out more about the living conditions of the students, get more acquainted with their families, to delve deeper into the inner world of individual students to identify weaknesses of educational work of the school and improve it. When handling assignments on time, we become more disciplined. Furthermore, this trait is one of the most essential for a police officer. The key to success is a good discipline. Discipline is one of the most important conditions that need to be followed by any team member in a company of any category; discipline can create the highest possible standards and conditions of the work performed. Discipline is a quite versatile category. It includes both punctuality and responsibility. Punctuality itself may be different. When it comes to punctuality of employees, they must be present at work in accordance with their contract of employment. Discipline represents a particular moral quality: it is a conscious subordination of a person`s conduct to certain rules and morals. Conscious discipline is seen when a student assumes responsibilities, follows rules and maintains order without constraint. At the same time discipline is a complete, complex and contradictory quality of an individual; it depends on the formation of ideology, belief, determination, will, initiative and independence. Individual and collective efforts of students create this quality. Students usually gain this quality through hard work, initiative, responsibility, perseverance and activity. Of great importance is self-discipline when a student consciously struggles with laziness. One of the components of the mo ral character of students is self-regulatory activities aimed at improving their personality. In addition, students are usually taught such moral qualities as honesty, openness and so on. For students of a police academy, performance, organization and discipline are very important. Discipline is manifested not only in meeting the requirements not to be late, not to miss classes, etc., but also in the performance of tasks, timely implementation and delivery of work, etc. The next moral issue, which we are taught when meeting deadlines, is responsibility. What is responsibility? It is an ability of a particular person or a group of people to assume obligations. Responsibility is an ability in any, even the most difficult situations, to make everything dependent on us, and not place our problems on others. What is responsibility? It is willingness to do what is necessary, taking the initiative. Responsibility is a personal volition. Therefore, responsibility is: An ability to realize the fact that success, quality of living conditions and personal fulfillment is only in our hands; Readiness for fulfillment of obligations and promises; An ability to understand the consequences of an individual`s decisions and actions. Responsibility provides a person with certain advantages that are: Self -reliance and confidence; Formation of self-respect and respect for other people; Self-control; Rational assessment of other people`s behavior. That is why when a person hands an assignment on time he/she is considered as a responsible person who is ready to answer for his/her actions. It is important to work hard in order to meet a deadline and develop a sense of appreciation. Everybody has a need for recognition. It can be achieved through achievements, confidence or demonstration of a person`s experience in a particular field of study. Recognition can be achieved through development and good reputation, assertiveness and gain of a higher status. All people feel the need for respect, which is awareness of personal achievement, competence and recognition. They need a sense of the value. In addition, they need respect, based on their achievements while competing with others. All these needs are closely related to the notion of status, which means weight or importance of the person in the eyes of others. An ability to meet such needs can serve as a powerful motivating factor at work. People require recognition and affirmation. These needs reflect the desire of people to be confident, competent and respected. People with strong needs tend to leadership, recognition of authority in the team. When managing such people various forms of recognition apart from moral encouragement must be used. When the need for self-esteem is met, it leads to a feeling of self-confidence, dignity, and a sense of power. Failure to meet these needs could result in developing a sense of inferiority, weakness and helplessness. Another thing that we learn when handing home assignments on time is the ability to meet our targets. Jim Rohn, famous American businessperson, once said, â€Å"I will climb this mountain. They say it is too high, too unavailable, too steep, too rocky and too difficult to climb. But it is my mountain. I am able to conquer it. Soon you will see how I shake the hand on the top of it, or die on the outskirts of it.† The same is with our assignments; at the beginning, we suppose that this task is too hard to perform, but when we set the target of tackling all problems, the result may impress even ourselves. Definition of personal goals is something like a hammer, allowing us to break old patterns of thinking. We can find the truth about ourselves. Just discovering our personality, we can discover our talents and identify personal goals. The basis of any activity is based on an objective. Purpose is a line of a person’s action that reveals the nature and structure of the individual. The process of setting goals is based on an analysis of the preconditions for its implementation called goal formation. When a person sets the goals him/herself, this indicates that this person is at a higher level of development as compared to a person who is trying to achieve a goal set by other people. If person has aims, he/she tends to work hard to achieve these aims. It is much harder than in the case when a goal (task) is set by other people: A clear statement of purpose activities (what to do, what to study, what to learn) Awareness of the activities (which is necessary) Definition of means needed to achieve the goal Analysis of difficulties faced when achieving the goal and means of overcoming them. Moreover, after accomplishing a task on time, we wake up a feeling of accomplishment and we can respire and start doing other things. Understanding of the moral duty is always associated with a voluntary action. Duty could be performed out of fear or for the sake of reward, and the educational duties contain both of those reasons. The formation of a sense of duty, an understanding of its reasons allows us to do well and according to our conscience, not only according to the requirements of a teacher. Every human action, because of the chosen solution, somehow violates the interests of others as well as society. Because a moral choice of an individual becomes a certain value to other people, it always puts the responsibility on the individual. This responsibility can be conditionally divided into internal and external. Internal accountability is an attribute of moral categories such as conscience; it expresses an ability of individuals to realize the consequences of their actions. External accountability is expressed in the form of sanctions against an individual`s actions. Responsibility means an ability to understand the needs of others. Responsibility means an ability to control personal behavior and to avoid irrational decisions. Being responsible means taking care of all the consequences of one`s actions. Responsible behavior opposes irresponsible one. Responsible action is the one that occurs without consequences for anybody. Irresponsibility is always associated with indifference and thoughtlessness or excessive self-confidence. First, irresponsibility means trying to shift the consequences of one`s actions on others. Nevertheless, I want to talk about external responsibility and punishments for not handing assignments on time. Nowadays, the question of the use of encouragement and unusual punishment is very important. Most teachers use them as dominant, without taking into consideration that nowadays there are a lot of different methods and techniques. Nevertheless, despite such popularity of such methods as encouragement and unusual punishment, teachers use these techniques without thinking whether they are effective in pedagogical terms. Stimulation methods and techniques are aimed at encouraging students to improve their behavior. Direct and immediate purpose of such incentives is to speed up or slow down certain actions. Encouragement reinforces positive habits and increases responsibility. It is all about the above-mentioned appreciation of work, and if we submit a paper after the deadline, we will not get any encouragement but only punishment. Penalty is a method of influence that is used to prevent unwanted actions, stop negative manifestations of an individual with the help of a negative assessment of his/her actions, generation of guilt and shame etc. However, many outstanding teachers support the idea that â€Å"real† education should be without punishments and rewards; this is a kind of a perfect relations between teachers and students. Let`s consider the most common form of punishment, which is teacher`s comments. Another form of punishment is a reprimand. It is a moral condemnation of a student`s acts. It is usually used when a student misses the deadline on a regular basis. Expulsion as a form of penalty is the most rigid one, but its usefulness, to say the least, is questionable. It should be done only if it will have a real educational effect. However, the most widely spread method of punishment is bad marks. That is why it is important to submit homework on time in order to avoid such devastating effects. Nowadays everybody faces a particular type of deadline. In order to avoid such a situation and not to think constantly that the deadline is approaching, there are a few little tricks. Voice the deadlines to other people Avoid vague promises like â€Å"soon† or â€Å"I will do it tomorrow†. â€Å"Soon†- is a rather vague concept. That is why, set specific dates and let other people interested in the fact of keeping the promise know about such dates (e.g., colleagues or other students). A phrase such as â€Å"This assignment will be handed at 4 pm on Thursday† is much more efficient. The fact is that people, who are perfectly conscious of the need to do important things, ignore them and are constantly distracted by everyday trivia and entertainment. Do the important things first We should start doing the most important work instead of the most current or most difficult. Some things seem urgent, for example, phone calls, or responding to a new email. Repeat, â€Å"Do it now†. In education, the most important is to start. Try to repeat the phrase â€Å"Do it now† aloud when no one is around. Procrastination is a kind of defense mechanism; it is a method of dealing with anxiety associated with a beginning or end of something. Create your own reward system We say to ourselves: â€Å"Yes, yes, Ill start, but first I drink a cup of tea†. Teatime gradually flows into watching daytime programs as we work at home or reading the news on the Internet and social networking. Then we come back from the virtual reality and do not know time elapsed so quickly. We should try the following method: Assign yourself with a reward in the form of tea or cookies for an accomplished work (for example, writing of a 500-word report). Use modern technologies to block the Internet Many people complain, â€Å"I get 500 emails a day.† If we get 500 emails a day, we just have to put filters and turn off the alert when new emails are coming. Imagine that these letters are real people who continually come to us and interrupt our work how would we react? We can also download free applications that block access to certain sites at certain times. Using them, we can make sure that entertainment sites and social networks are impossible to access between 10am and 6pm (unless our system administrator has permitted the access). Organize your spare time Start planning a weekend in the middle of a week. Many people think it is terribly boring, but they are wrong. Some people rarely get to their favorite restaurant on Saturday night only because all tables are booked in advance. Avoid those who steal our time Stay away from those people who are â€Å"eaters of time†. If we cannot avoid communication with them, a behavioral strategy will help us to bring the conversation to a minimum. Meeting with friends, who start a conversation with the words, â€Å"would never guess what happened to me last night† is the last thing we need when we need to finish a presentation as soon as possible. Instead of being â€Å"bogged down† in the verbal mud, say, â€Å"I really appreciate that you want to share this information with me. But can you do it later, after I finish my presentation?† If we think over what to say and how to say it in advance, it is unlikely that the other person will consider it rude. Overall, I think that meeting deadlines may have only positive results. It is quite important for us as future police officers to be responsible, punctual and disciplined professionals. In addition to this, meeting deadlines would prevent us from such punishments as low marks and even expulsion. That is why we should learn and do our best not to postpone performance of a task in order to hand in our papers on time.

How to Find the Volume in a Test Tube

How to Find the Volume in a Test Tube Finding the volume of a test tube or NMR tube is a common chemistry calculation, both in the lab for practical reasons and in the classroom to learn how to convert units and report significant figures. Here are three ways to find the volume. Calculate Density Using Volume of a Cylinder A typical test tube has a rounded bottom, but NMR tubes and certain other test tubes have a flat bottom, so the volume contained in them is a cylinder. You can get a reasonably accurate measure of volume by measuring the internal diameter of the tube and the height of the liquid. The best way to measure the diameter of a test tube is to measure the widest distance between the inside glass or plastic surfaces. If you measure all the way from edge to edge, youll include the test tube itself in your measurements, which isnt correct.Measure the volume of the sample from where it starts at the bottom of the tube to the base of the meniscus (for liquids) or the top layer of the sample. Dont measure the test tube from the bottom of the base to where it ends. Use the formula for the volume of a cylinder to perform the calculation: V Ï€r2h where V is volume, Ï€ is pi (about 3.14 or 3.14159), r is the radius of the cylinder and h is the height of the sample The diameter (which you measured) is twice the radius (or radius is one-half diameter), so the equation may be rewritten: V Ï€(1/2 d)2h where d is diameter Example Volume Calculation Lets say you measure an NMR tube and find the diameter to be 18.1 mm and height to be 3.24 cm. Calculate the volume. Report your answer to the nearest 0.1 ml. First, youll want to convert the units so theyre the same. Please use cm as your units, because a cubic centimeter is a milliliter! This will save you trouble when it comes time to report your volume. There are 10 mm in 1 cm, so to convert 18.1 mm into cm: diameter (18.1 mm) x (1 cm/10 mm) [note how the mm cancels out]diameter 1.81 cm Now, plug in the values into the volume equation: V Ï€(1/2 d)2hV (3.14)(1.81 cm/ 2)2(3.12 cm)V 8.024 cm3 [from the calculator] Because there is 1 ml in 1 cubic centimeter: V 8.024 ml But, this is unrealistic precision, given your measurements. If you report the value to the nearest 0.1 ml, the answer is: V 8.0 ml Find the Volume of a Test Tube Using Density If you know the composition of the contents of the test tube, you can look up its density to find the volume. Remember, density equal mass per unit volume. Get the mass of the empty test tube. Get the mass of the test tube plus the sample. The mass of the sample is: mass (mass of filled test tube) – (mass of empty test tube) Now, use the density of the sample to find its volume. Make sure the units of density are the same as those of the mass and volume you want to report. You may need to convert units. density (mass of sample) / (volume of sample) Rearranging the equation: Volume Density x Mass Expect error in this calculation from your mass measurements and from any difference between the reported density and the actual density. This usually happens if your sample isnt pure or the temperature is different from the one used for the density measurement. Finding the Volume of a Test Tube Using a Graduated Cylinder Notice a normal test tube has a rounded bottom. This means using the formula for the  volume of a cylinder will produce an error in your calculation. Also, its tricky trying to measure the internal diameter of the tube. The best way to find the volume of the test tube is to transfer the liquid to a clean graduated cylinder to take a reading. Note there will be some error in this measurement, too. A small volume of liquid may be left behind in the test tube during transfer to the graduated cylinder. Almost certainly, some of the sample will remain in the graduated cylinder when you transfer it back to the test tube. Take this into account. Combining Formulas to Get Volume Yet another method to get the volume of a rounded test tube is to combine the volume of a cylinder with half the volume of the sphere (the hemisphere that is the rounded bottom). Be aware that the thickness of the glass at the bottom of the tube may be different from that of the walls, so there is an inherent error in this calculation.

Strategic Management Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management Accounting - Research Paper Example Variance analysis helps to determine variation from standards and in turn enhances productivity (Thukkaram, 2007). Any standard setting is a double edged sword, which has its plus points but is not free from certain drawbacks. The paper is an analysis of traditional and modern methods of costing and also, lays down an explanation for each one of these methods, besides recognising the importance of each one in specific industries. The prime objective of the paper is to understand the different methods of costing and analyse and establish the method of costing which is indispensable as per the kind of organizational setting and organizational needs in context. The study was aimed at analysis of various cost measures and their individual suitability to different organizational needs. The scope to fully gauge the benefits of using each one of them was unavailable. Real life case analysis was also not possible for establishment of research findings. Marginal costing can be referred to as a variation of flexible standard costing that helps to distinguish between the fixed costs and variable costs, which depend on per unit of output produced. Marginal costing is helpful in monitoring costs based on resources that drive it. These resources help in segregating costs into fixed and variable elements. Any cost fluctuations observed as a result of operational changes can be accurately predicted and checked with the use of marginal costing. Marginal costing is one method of costing for inventory where all the different variables of manufacturing costs are included as inventory costs. Such costs are incurred and become a part of the cost of goods sold when the product gets sold, while other elements of cost, which is the fixed cost, is taken to be costs for the period within which it is incurred (Kaplan Financial Knowledge Bank, n.d.). Marginal costing tries to capture the behavioural aspects of cost calculation, rather than functional traits of cost. The

The Institution of slavery in the American South of Antebellum Period Essay

The Institution of slavery in the American South of Antebellum Period - Essay Example This inhuman practice humiliated the enslaved blacks to an extent that they could never erase it from their minds as long as they lived. According to Hunter (73) the actual picture of slavery in Southern America was that of large farms plantations with a lot of slaves. In fact, slavery here was institutionalized were a few people owned slaves in their institutions with the aim that they provide cheap labor. Almost 3/4 of the Southern Americans did not own slaves, but they were solidly behind the slavery institution, as much as they did not benefit much from it. Though many of the Southern whites resented the privileges enjoyed by the few people who owned these slavery institutions, they did not speak against slavery (Hunter 74). However, all they wished for is for them to get an opportunity of owning slaves, so that they can also enjoy those privileges. Furthermore, slavery presented an opportunity to even the poor whites, of feeling superior to the blacks. A great number of slaves s pend much of their time in the cotton plantations, carrying out various activities (Hunter 74). Each of these cotton plantations had approximately fifty slaves, although some plantations which were relatively large had about a hundred slaves. Different plantations raised a wide range of cash crops such as rice, sugarcane and corn, but cotton at time, was the major cash crop. The slaves planted these cash crops as well as harvesting them. Apart from doing these two major activities in the farms, they also cleared land, slaughtered livestock and repaired buildings as well (Hunter 74). While black men slaves were expected to be drivers, mechanics and carpenters, black women were on the other hand expected to care for their masters’ families. There were two main categories of slaves; those who worked in their masters’ homesteads and those who worked in the fields. Hunter (74) asserts that from such categorization, one may think that those working in the homes were relative ly better than those in the fields. Unfortunately, that was not the case since those working in the homes had no privacy, operated under their masters’ close scrutiny and could be called for duty anyhow. By being close to their masters’ home slaves formed complex relationships with their masters. Children of both the white and black races born in such a scenario, mingled freely until they attained a certain age when they started understanding what was going on (Hunter 74). The diets of the slaves were inadequate, hence could not meet their workload demands (Hunter 75). Those working in homes though ate comparatively better since they could access their masters’ food stores. The poor eating conditions and the climatic conditions made the slaves to be so much prone to diseases. On falling sick the slaves were not given adequate treatment and sometimes they forced into work though sick. Although that is not inhuman enough, slaves were constantly being sold when the y become inadequate. This instilled a constant fear in them as they could suffer from being separated from their families. The women slaves also suffered from sexual exploitation such as rape. Hunter (75) explains further that slaves were punished for working slowly, disrespecting authority or running away. Punishment was administered in many ways such as imprisonment, whipping or even

Price Discrimination Revised Essay Example for Free

Price Discrimination Revised Essay Jane, thinking that a vacation in San Francisco to visit her parents would provide her with a much-needed rest, bought a ticket two weeks in advance for a weekend flight.   She would be sitting in 11A.   On the day before Janes flight, Freya gets a call from her boss, instructing her to attend the companys meeting in San Francisco.   She booked a flight for the next day immediately upon getting the call.   Freya sat in 11B   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Freya paid $500 more than Jane for basically the same service, occupying adjacent seats. And this is a prime example of price discrimination. * *   *   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Price discrimination is simply the charging of different prices to different customers (Stavins, 1996, p. 3).   It is characterized as price discrimination when the difference in prices are not due to difference in costs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scott Woolley writing for Forbes.Com simplified it further, saying that price discrimination is when an airline charge some customers more than other customers for the same (or almost the same) thing (Woolley, 1998.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tricia Ellis-Christensen stated that price discrimination is a widespread practice, and it doesnt necessarily imply negative discrimination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Price discrimination is categorized into degrees depending on the market segmentation, the customers ability to pay or demand elasiticity. (Ellis-Christensen, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First-degree price discrimination occurs when identical goods are sold at different prices.   This is most evident in the sale of both new and used cars wherein the salesperson gauges the maximum price at which the car can be sold.   This type often includes bargaining, or negotiating for a lower price (Ellis-Christensen, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second-degree price discrimination is when lower prices are charged for bulk or higher quantities (Ellis-Christensen, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Third degree price discrimination requires understanding the market, and is more prevalent.   This type often plays on segments of the target market.   An example is discounts offered to students. (Ellis-Christensen, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conditions for Price Discrimination.   Joanna Stavins further explains that for an airline or company to successfully discriminate on price, it must have some market power, to be able to charge prices above the marginal cost. Typically it has monopolized that business.   Another condition is the heterogeneousity of its consumers.   Lastly, product resale should be costly and impossible, to prevent arbitrage. (Stavins, 1996, p. 3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stavins also explained that the monopolistically competitive: conditions in air transportation business allows for price discrimination.   (Stavins, 1996, p. 3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stavins stated that   airlines differentiate between each other by offering different flight schedules and routes.   Stavins also wrote that airlines attach various restrictions to cheaper tickets, making them more unattractive to consumers who give more importance to time and convenience.   Meaning, a business traveler wouldnt mind paying more to ensure that he arrives on time, as opposed to a passenger on a budget.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Advantages.    In some cases, price discrimination can implement efficient prices (Armstrong, 2006 p. 6).   Arvind Sahay writes that pricing products differently can increase revneues and profits by 8% and 25% (Sahay, 2007, p. 54).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Price discrimination also opens markets, as in offering ones goods at a high value market at a certain price, while giving it at a lower price at a lower value market.   (Armstrong, 2006 p. 8)  Ã‚  Ã‚   This way, a business owner can reallocate demand to more suitable times while supply is limited (Sahay, 2007, p. 54).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On a more practical level, price discrimination will enable more firms to increase revenue, which can then be used for research and development.   Consumers, on the other hand, will be able to benefit from lower fares (economicshelp.org, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disadvantages. On the other hand, some consumers will end up paying higher prices.   Price discrimination will also cause a decline in consumer surplus.   There maybe costs associated with segmenting market.   Price discrimination also opens the field for predatory pricing (economicshelp.org, undated). Price Discrimination in Airlines   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The increasing use of price discrimination, in all industries, is due to the new and affordable technology that most companies can install and use.   Recent studies have also shown that consumers will pay different prices if the companies use the right approach (Sahay, 2007, p. 53).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In short, these days, airlines are pulling off price discrimination easily.   On a purely technical level, Airlines are able to practice the third degree of price discrimination (segmentation-based), and even to some respects, the second degree of price discrimination by employing yield management tools.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cunningham and Brady explains that airlines have been dividing their customers into groups: government vs. business vs. leisure travellers, first or economy class, etc.   With the advent of the computer and I.T., airlines have gained more ability to match fares with their customers demands. (Cunningham and Brady, 2001, p. 10).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yield Management tools allows the airline to sell the right seat to the right passenger at the right time and price, basically charging various rates for the perceived service benefit (Cunningham and Brady, 2001, p. 11).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also, yield management allows for Ramsey pricing, which involves varying the prices for fare based on demand elasticity in relation to the marginal cost.   Meaning, the more sensitive the market is to its price, the closer its price will be to the marginal cost.   This explains why business market fares are higher than those who are on vacation (Cunningham and Brady, 2001, p. 11).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since it is not easy to explain various yield management techniques of airlines, it would be best to look at practical scenarios for airline companies.   Empirically, here are some examples of airline price discrimination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Turow, writing for the Washington Posts, cites an example regarding airline Web sites that offer lower fares for first-time customers (Turrow, 2005).   Technology has also made it easier for businesses such as airlines to do customer profiling.   Turrow (2005) and Wooley (1998) insinuates that since businesses can now use computers and databases to store more information about a customer, it can create profiles on that customers and price accordingly. Turrow cited the case when Amazon.Com came under fire for selling the same compact disc album to different customers at varying discounts.   Wooley, on the other hand, says that catalogs sent to somebody who lives in a high-end neighborhood include only one price, while the another version of the catalogs featuring the same products sent to other less-glitzy neighborhoods have discount information on them.   With more and more information about the customer being easily made available, the more airlines know how to push the correct buttons and learn their ability to pay, and their willingness to pay.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Airlines also give early-bird discounts wherein those who book early get lower prices.   This type of price discrimination plays on demand inelasticity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People who book late are usually those who needs to be on the plane, and thus would be willing to pay any price just to get to where one wants to be. (Riley, 2006).   Differences in ticket pricing is most reliant on supply and demand (Devlin, 2002).   Fredrik Wallenberg explains that to get an advance purchase discount, one will have to book from one to three weeks in advance. (2000, p. 7)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, SoYouWanna.Com advises that some of the cheapest plane tickets become available at the last minute.   This is due to the fact that airlines typically want to fly with a full plane.   Also, airline seats are seen as a perishable product, in the event that they are not used before expiration it becomes worthless (Sahay, 2007, p. 55)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other airlines also use Saturday night stay-over as a mechanism for price discrimination.   Airlines set a higher rate for business travelers who are unwilling to spend the weekend away from home (Wallenberg, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For some, airlines often reward loyal customers with a lower price on premium tickets if theyve reached a certain number of mile on their frequent-fliers programs.   Keith Devlin said that he was able to buy a round trip ticket from San Francisco to Milan for a bargain price of $1000.   Devlin upgraded it to business class at no cost.   Devlin got the bargain beceause he has earned enough miles on Uniteds Mileage Plus.   Devlin adds that a colleague who will be on the same flight at the same time, was not able to upgrade (Devlin, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   US Airways has the EZ Savers Club, which is actually an automated mailing list where subscribers can get mails detailing reduced rates on specified travel dates (Bringing market discipline, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other programs are age-dependent.   Students and seniors typically get a discount on airlines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another form of price discrimination employed by airlines is temporary seasonal discounts for airfares that are meant to increase business. (Ellis-Christensen, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Airlines have a big market with a large number of heterogenous customers, the more disparate their customers are and their behaviors, the more willing their customers would be to pay different prices (Sahay, 2007, p. 56).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is Price Discrimination Illegal? Price discrimination may be illegal in some cases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, for it to be deemed illegal, it has to be seen in light of anti-competitiveness.   Carl Person said that the Robinson-Patman Act protects victims of unlawful price discrimination.   Persons provided the following example where in a retail store purchases the same thing from the same supplier for a much higher price.   The store who bought the merchandise at a higher price would be unable to compete on price and usually loses business to its competitor (Persons, 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Federal Trade Commission clarifies that price discrimination may be used as a predatory pricing tactic to harm competition at the supplier’s level (Federal Trade Commission, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This whole scenario doesnt apply to airline tickets. Imperfect Information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a perfect world or market situation, each consumer should have perfect information about the price of services and goods.   However, information problems are highly ostentatious in complex and opaque markets, where there is infrequent patronage.   Markets with intermediaries or those with a time lag between the time of purchase and the expected benefits are also susceptible to the problem.   The airline industry is also a primary industry for imperfect information due to its complex pricing structures (Lindley, 2007, p. 74).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Imperfect information could harm a customer because it would effectively prevent him from turning to certain potential substitutes (Lande, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, some customers might not know of the existence of an option.   Some customers might not even realize that best cost-saving option (Lande, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In short, as Dominic Lindley writes, the customer may not buy the cheapest or even the most appropriate product or service; may buy a service or product that does not perform as well as planned; or may be unaware of their rights and remedies if something goes wrong (Lindley, 2007, p. 74). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It all boils down to the fact that imperfect information could hinder a customer from making a more informed decision about what hes purchasing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determining the cost of an airline ticket is a complicated task.   With price discrimination, it really just an interplay of demand and the customers ability to pay.   Price discrimination allows businesses to optimize their operations for maximum benefits and income on their marginal costs.   Airlines, among other businesses, are in a position to exploit that advantage because they satisfy all conditions needed for price discrimination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For consumers and passengers to get the optimum value for their money, they must be vigilant.   They must know their options, and choose accordingly. References    Armstrong, Mark. (2006). Price Discrimination. University College London. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://else.econ.ucl.ac.uk/papers/uploaded/222.pdf Brady, Stephen P. and Cunningham, William A . (2001). Exploring predatory pricing in the airline industry. Transportation Journal, 41(1), 5-15.   Retrieved 21 April 2008 from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 124411971). Bringing market discipline to pricing. (1998, January). Businessline,1.   21 Retrieved April   2008, from ProQuest Asian Business and Reference database. (Document ID: 25422269). Devlin, Keith. (2002). The crazy math of airline ticket pricing. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_09_02.html Ellis-Christensen Tricia. What is Price Discrimination? Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-price-discrimination.htm Lande, Robert. (2007). Market Power Without A Large Market Share: The Role of Imperfect Information and other Consumer Protection Market Failures. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/hearings/single_firm/docs/222102.htm Lindley, Dominic. (2007). Imperfect information for consumers. Consumer Policy Review, 17(3), 74-79.   Retrieved 21 April 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1328552571). Persons, Carl E. (1997). Do You Have an RPA Price Discrimination Claim?   Retrieved on 3 April http://www.lawmall.com/rpa/rpaclaim.html Riley, Geoff. (2006) Price Discrimination. Eton College.   Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2-micro-price-discrimination.html Stavins, Joanna. (1996). Price Discrimination in the Airline Market: The Effect of Market Concentration. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://bosfed.org/economic/wp/wp1996/wp96_7.pdf SOYOUWANNA FIND A CHEAP PLANE TICKET? Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.soyouwanna.com/site/syws/planetix/planetix.html Sahay, Arvind. (2007). How Dynamic Pricing Leads to Higher Profits. MIT Sloan Management Review, 48(4), 53.   Retrieved 21 April 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1360146151). Turow, Joseph. (2005). Have they got a deal for you. Washington Post. Retrieved on 3 April http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/18/AR2005061800070_pf.html Wallenberg, Fredrik. (2000). A study of airline pricing.   School of Information Management Systems, University of California at Berkeley. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~fredrik/research/papers/InternetTravel.pdf Wooley, Scott. (1998). Mine was cheaper! Forbes.Com. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.forbes.com/global/1998/1102/0116058a.html